![]() ![]() Furthermore, researchers believe that the brain’s limbic system, specifically the amygdala, is responsible for the misinterpretation of the significance of bodily sensations. Evidence from imaging studies have shown abnormalities in cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism. Other studies reveal that abnormalities in the brain contribute to the development of panic disorder. Such defects in the autonomic nervous system result in hypersensitivity, increased arousal and chemical imbalance which can lead to panic attacks. Autonomic Nervous System īiological theories suggest that defects in an individual’s autonomic nervous system are potential causes for the development of panic disorder. Studies further suggest that if an identical twin has panic disorder 40% of the time the other twin will develop the disorder. It is indicated that identical twins have a significantly higher matching rate for panic disorder than fraternal twins. Family studies of twins also support strong correlation of panic disorder and genetics. A literature review of several studies determined that individuals who have first-degree relatives with panic disorder are up to 20 times more likely to develop the disorder than control subjects. Studies have shown that the cause is strongly correlated with the familial component. Family history, brain abnormalities, substance abuse and stress are among the factors that trigger panic attacks and furthermore, panic disorder. The exact cause of panic disorder has yet to be determined, however, several factors are thought to play a role in the development of this disorder. ![]() Symptoms of panic disorder that are evident in childhood and adolescence can often lead to future psychiatric disorders. If panic disorder happens to appear prior to adulthood it is more likely to be seen in adolescent females. Although panic disorder may occur in children, it is often not diagnosed until they are older. The onset of panic disorder can also occur prior to puberty, however, it is uncommon based on the very low prevalence (0.5-1%) of the general pediatric population. Symptoms usually begin before age 25, but may occur in the mid 30s as well. Panic disorder affects about 2.4 million adult Americans and is twice as common in females. ![]() According to the National Comorbidity Study, the lifetime prevalence without agoraphobia is 3.5%, while the lifetime prevalence with agoraphobia is 5.3%. Therefore, prevalence rates for the two classifications of the disorder exist as well. Panic disorder can be classified as with or without agoraphobia. The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is 1.6-4% while the onset of age is 20-29 years.
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